“…bled and given laudanum…”

“Relation of a Case of Labour in a Female with Deformed Pelvis,” George Fox, The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 12, No. XXIII, July 1831, p. 485.

“…with hardened feces.”

“Relation of a Case of Labour in a Female with Deformed Pelvis,” George Fox, The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 12, No. XXIII, July 1831, p. 484.

“The baby was an imperfect being…”

“Relation of a Case of Labour in a Female with Deformed Pelvis,” George Fox, The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 12, No. XXIII, July 1831, p. 485.

“…the fetal heartbeat disappeared.”

“Relation of a Case of Labour in a Female with Deformed Pelvis,” George Fox, The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 12, No. XXIII, July 1831, p. 486.

“…Botschan’s improved craniotomy scissors.”

“Relation of a Case of Labour in a Female with Deformed Pelvis,” George Fox, The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 12, No. XXIII, July 1831, p. 486.

“…to break up the infant brain.”

“Relation of a Case of Labour in a Female with Deformed Pelvis,” George Fox, The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 12, No. XXIII, July 1831, p. 486.

“…permitted to rest…”

“Relation of a Case of Labour in a Female with Deformed Pelvis,” George Fox, The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 12, No. XXIII, July 1831, p. 486.

“Even great force failed…”

“Relation of a Case of Labour in a Female with Deformed Pelvis,” George Fox, The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 12, No. XXIII, July 1831, p. 487.

“Dr. Davis’s osteotome…”

Although Dr. Davis’s tool is here described as a osteotomist, I believe the correct term is osteotome.

“Relation of a Case of Labour in a Female with Deformed Pelvis,” George Fox, The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 12, No. XXIII, July 1831, p. 487.

“…tooth forceps.”

“Relation of a Case of Labour in a Female with Deformed Pelvis,” George Fox, The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 12, No. XXIII, July 1831, p. 487.

“…its skull and its lower jaw.”

“Relation of a Case of Labour in a Female with Deformed Pelvis,” George Fox, The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 12, No. XXIII, July 1831, p. 488.

“After thirty-three hours…”

This is 1 a.m.. The operation began at 5 p.m., two days previous.

“Relation of a Case of Labour in a Female with Deformed Pelvis,” George Fox, The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 12, No. XXIII, July 1831, p. 489.

“…the shoulders and hips…”

“Relation of a Case of Labour in a Female with Deformed Pelvis,” George Fox, The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 12, No. XXIII, July 1831, p. 489.

“The umbilical cord was shrunken…”

“Relation of a Case of Labour in a Female with Deformed Pelvis,” George Fox, The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 12, No. XXIII, July 1831, p. 489.

“Mary' R.’s second pregnancy…”

“Account of a Case in which the Caesarean Section, performed by Prof. Gibson, was a second time successful in saving both mother and child,” George Fox, The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, May 1838, p. 15.

“A cesarean was prescribed…”

“Observations on the Caesarean Operation, accompanied by the relation of a Case in which both Mother and Child were Preserved,” Joseph Nancrede, The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Vol. 16, No. XXXI, May 1835, p. 350.

“…nine physicians total…”

“Observations on the Caesarean Operation, accompanied by the relation of a Case in which both Mother and Child were Preserved,” Joseph Nancrede, The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Vol. 16, No. XXXI, May 1835, p. 351.

“…cutting into the peritoneum…”

While this was a general truism at the time, the goal here is to represent Sims’s level of knowledge at this point in his medical career, not the range of contemporary medical opinion on the subject. The dangers of accidental punctures of the peritoneum are described later in the book. The remainder of Sims’s career reveals his ambition to make an impression on the history of surgery beyond gynecology, and in addition to reproduction, surgery of the abdomen was a central focus. This is illustrated by a piece from 1882, very late in Sims’s life, reflecting on an incident from 1864.

Sims, J. M., & New York Academy of Medicine. (1858). Silver sutures in surgery. New York: S.S. & W. Wood, p. 53.

“The Treatment of Gunshot-Wounds of the Abdomen in Relation to Modern Peritoneal Surgery,” British Medical Journal, February 11, 1882, p. 184.